St. Benedict Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Late in the fifth century the son of a well-off family in Italy left for isolation on his mission to truly seek god. This man was St. Benedict, who is credited with the first establishment of the concept of withdrawing from all temptation for Christian beliefs in the west. St. Benedict left his home and went to the top of a mountain, where he established a monastic community. In this community the individuals who resided there, constantly reiterated their faith. They sacrificed whatever they may have had to prove their true commitment to God. This became an early ideal of Christianity, that one must suffer loss and sacrifice to prove their loyalty to the faith. It was believed in this time period that if one is content with only what they truly need one is freer to think about other people and to think about God . These individuals were called Regular Clergies (monks) and were considered heroes of the faith.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Benedict created three main characteristics that a Christian who truly seeks God should do. The first is live in peace with others, not always wanting his own way, or having an exaggerated idea of himself. The second is to live simply, not wanting to own many things in order to feel important and secure. The third and final main theme of St. Benedict is to pray often and read the bible. These characteristics were added upon, but the main three were the basis of the belief. From these original three the foundation of the monastery was built. Another saint who played a major influence on the church was St. Augistine. St. Augistine held the idea that Christianity gave ones life meaning and purpose. He believed that â€Å"Christians are not born but made. † St. Augistine was the author of a very influential book in the history of the church. This book was â€Å"The City of God.† This book told the history of the church and proved it to be a historically valid one. He believed that there was no use to civilization, and as faith increases civilization should decrease. The â€Å"City of the World† is the opposite of the â€Å"City of God†, and brings temptation and must be resisted. This reference to civilization was aimed towards Rome. St. Cuthbert also added to the monastic tradition. He also took himself into isolation to assert his faith. Following his death, after many years of loyalty to the faith, it was fo... ...he centuries following them, they did not work nearly as hard, or did they suffer the same sacrifice and separation from materialistic possessions and luxuries. The church and congregation itself also underwent a dramatic change. The church progressed with the times to be not only a powerful institution religiously, but also politically, economically and also socially. With this rise in power in many different areas besides religion came the involvement in many different areas in society. These ties in society created involvement in the â€Å"City of the World† which took away from aspects of the â€Å"City of God.† In closing, the decline of the monasteries and ultimately the â€Å"City of God† was due to the rise in the â€Å"City of the World.† The â€Å"City of the World† was the anti thesis of the â€Å"City of God.† They can be seen otherwise as church and state. When one was strong and powerful, the other could not be. The two could not exist in equilibrium. So therefore the stronger survived, and with the change of the times, this was the â€Å"City of the World.† The king, who at one time in history was strongly influenced by the church, took control of the Durham Priory, and all its worldly possessions.

Interpretation and delivery of language Essay

I am writing to congratulate you upon being chosen to play the part of Richard in our forthcoming production of Richard III. This letter is a guide for you for how I would like the part of Richard to be acted. This shall be primarily based upon two key scenes in the play, which are Act 1 Scene I (opening scene) and Act 5 Scene VII (eve of battle scene). This guide covers 3 main aspects of playing the part of Richard. These are: Your interaction with other characters, your interpretation and delivery of speech within the play and your physical representation of Richard. The reason why these two scenes have been concentrated on is because they occur at key moments within the play and at opposite ends as well. Not only do they appear at opposite ends of the play but they also occur when Richards’s confidence is at opposite ends of the emotional spectrum. This enables us to see Richard from multiple perspectives and it shows us his multi-faceted mental and emotional states. As I am sure you are aware, Richard is portrayed as an Evil and conscience free king as well as being physically deformed. Although elements of this are based upon the truth, it is appreciated that Shakespeare made many of these descriptions up. Due to limited other historical reference this is how Richard is portrayed nowadays. Shakespeare’s reasons for, perhaps, making up these facts are to please the Queen at his time, who was Queen Elizabeth I. This would please her because it was her grandfather, Henry Tudor (later Henry VII (Richmond in the play)), who became King after Richard III was killed in battle. Obviously this made Richmond and Richard enemies, so portraying Richard as both evil and deformed would put Queen Elizabeth and her ancestry in better light. Richards’s evil is very evident from his very first speech (a soliloquy) in the first scene of Act 1. This solo speech to the audience sets the tone for the nature of Richards’s evil worlds and actions throughout the rest of the play. This supreme malignity is evident in the quote’†¦ that I will shortly send thy soul to heaven,’ when referring to his Brother Clarence who he has sworn to save from imprisonment. This is remorseless in its extreme form considering that he has pledged to his brother to have him released form the Tower, which Clarence believes, but in truth he is going to have him killed. This means you must portray an immense feeling of evil and remorselessness to the audience. This could be done by snarling and almost spitting when speaking of what you plan to have done as well as making angular and jerky motions rather than smooth rounded ones. However Richards’s evil is often matched by his intelligence and an example of this is in the quote ‘To set my brother Clarence and the king in deadly hate, the one against the other’. This shows how he is manipulative and again you must get the audience to believe this about you as well as making them in awe of your intelligence and scheming. It is obvious that Richard is aware of his intelligence, so portray this to the audience with a swagger and self confidence of a man who knows of his large capabilities. A lot of the reasons behind Richards’s hatred for all things jovial is due to his physical deformities and his hatred of his own appearance. He knows of his own deformities, obvious in the line ‘†¦Nor made to court and amorous looking glass’. He does however use this to focus himself on his intentions. An example of this is apparent in the line ‘†¦And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover†¦i am determined to prove a villain.’ These abnormalities should, at first, appear to displease you and annoy you; however within in an instant this should be changed to relief when he realises that his peculiarity can work in his advantage making him focused and more determined to achieve his goals. To make these deformities appear powerfully they must be exaggerated to let the audience know, although his abnormalities are making him more focussed, that they are still a physical weakness and therefore a hindrance. This can be achieved by appearing dependant on a cane that you shall be carrying. This is to give the impression that physically you are dependant upon other people or objects. This will also provide opportunities for people to attack you and taunt your disabilities, such as the cane could be kicked from beneath you and you could use it to regain your feet, again showing physical dependency. The focus that has stemmed from these disabilities must be showed prominently also. Richards focus is clear in the quote’ For then I’ll marry Warwick’s youngest daughter.’ This shows us what lengths he is willing to go to get and then keep the crown in his family after his death. His efficiency and preparation must be extravagant to give the audience reason to believe Richards apparent relief that his deformities can focus him on success. This means also that, regardless of the situation, you appear in control and assured, particularly in the earlier scenes of the play. From this scene where Richard is efficient, assured and organised, we move onto the other key scene. This is the eve of battle scene where both Richard and, his enemy, Richmond are preparing themselves and their army for battle. The scene starts with a quote from Richard saying ‘Why, out battalia trebles that account; besides the Kings name is a Tower of strength’. I for one believe that this act of confidence is one where the speaker, in this case Richard’ has very little faith in his comment so I would appreciate you saying this line with a distinct lack of conviction in your own remark. It seems to me also that with this comment he is not only trying to convince those listening of his army’s strength, but he is also convincing himself. His apparent lack of confidence is than compounded by the appearance of the ghosts. There are many quotes from the ghosts to Richard. A typical example of this would be ‘And fall thy edgeless sword; despair and die!’ which was said by the ghost of Clarence. These quotes must appear to affect you now as perhaps they wouldn’t have done in the earlier scenes. These effects include paranoia and further dents to your confidence which can be acted by adjusting your posture and body language. Then when he awakes from this dream he is convinced he has awaken from battle. Evidence of this is in the line ‘Give me another Horse! Bind up my wounds’ and following this he begins to question his conscience for the first time which is present in the quote ‘O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me’. This shows us that he is no longer invulnerable and that the atrocities he has committed are beginning to take effect on him.

The Fourteenth Amendment And The Prohibition Of...

The 18th Amendment states: â€Å"Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.† The Volstead Act was a demonstration to boycott inebriating drinks, and afterward to manage the assembling, generation, use, and offer of high-proof spirits for other than refreshment purposes, and to protect an abundant supply of liquor and advance its utilization in experimental exploration and in the improvement of fuel, color, and other legal commercial enterprises. The issue was that the Volstead Act didn t particularly specify the genuine drinking or utilization of liquor, and forbid the buy of liquor. The deals for restorative liquor went up 400% amid the forbiddance. A large portion of the provisos in the eighteenth amendment were in the Volstead Act (inside the eighteenth amendment. The Volstead Act didn t particularly